Gandhiji was born on 2 October 1869 in a wealthy family of Gujarat at a place called Porbandar. After completing his law studies from England, Gandhiji moved to Durban (South Africa) in 1892–1893 to contest the case of Dada Abdullah, an Indian Muslim businessman who traded in South Africa. He succeeded in this lawsuit.

During this time he clearly felt apartheid policy towards Indians in South Africa. Every Indian was required to take a registration certificate there and keep this certificate with him at all times. Gandhiji opposed the ‘Asiatic Registration Act’ in this regard.

It is known that Gandhiji was humiliated on his way to Durban from Pretoria and from here he got the inspiration of leadership of Indians. In 1894, Gandhiji founded the ‘Natal Indian Congress’ in South Africa and also started a movement against the policy of apartheid. With the help of his colleague German craftsman ‘Köllenbach’ established the ‘Tolstoy Farm’. While living there, he published the newspaper ‘Indian Opinion’ in South Africa and established the ‘Phoenix Ashram’ in 1904. Due to their efforts and movement, most of the color discrimination laws were repealed in 1914 by the South African government. In 1909 wrote a book called ‘Hind Swaraj’ criticizing Western values, in which all areas were advised to become self-reliant.

विभिन्न जंतुओं की संरचना के अध्ययन से यह पता चलता है कि भिन्न-भिन्न वातावरण में रहनेवाले जंतुओं के कुछ अंग ऐसे होते हैं जो संरचना और उत्पत्ति के दृष्टिकोण से तो एकसमान होते हैं, परंतु अपने वातावरण के अनुसार वे भिन्न-भिन्न कार्यों का संपादन करते हैं। ऐसे अंग समजात अंग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-मेढक, पक्षी, बिल्ली तथा मनुष्य के अग्रपादों में पाए जानेवाले अस्थियों के अवयव प्रायः समान होते हैं, परंतु इन कशेरुक प्राणियों के अग्रपाद विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यों का संपादन करते हैं।

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